London is the
capital and most populous city of
England and the
United Kingdom. Standing on the
River Thames in the south east of
Great Britain, London has been a major settlement for two millennia. It was founded by the
Romans, who named it
Londinium. London's ancient core, the
City of London, largely retains its 1.12-square-mile (2.9 km
2)
medieval boundaries and in 2011 had a resident population of 7,375, making it the smallest
city in England. Since at least the 19th century, the term
London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core.
The bulk of this conurbation forms
Greater London, a
region of England governed by the
Mayor of London and the
London Assembly. The conurbation also covers two
English counties: the small district of the City of London and the county of Greater London. The latter constitutes the vast majority of London,
though historically it was split between
Middlesex (a now abolished county),
Essex,
Surrey,
Kent and
Hertfordshire.
London is a leading
global city,
with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism, and transport all contributing to its prominence.
It is one of the world's leading
financial centres and has the
fifth-or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world depending on measurement.
London is a world cultural capital.It is the world's most-visited city as measured by international arrivals
and has the
world's largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic.London is one of the world's leading
investment destinations,
hosting more
international retailers and
ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe, and a 2014 report placed it first in the world university rankings. According to the report London also ranks first in the world in software, multimedia development and design, and shares first position in technology readiness. In
2012, London became the first city to host the modern
Summer Olympic Games three times.
London has a diverse range of peoples and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken within Greater London.
The
Office for National Statistics estimated its mid-2014 population to be 8,538,689 the largest of any
municipality in the European Union, and accounting for 12.5 percent of the UK population.
London's urban area is the second
most populous in the EU, after
Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants according to the 2011 census.
[42] The
city's metropolitan area is one of the
most populous in Europe with 13,879,757 inhabitants,
[note 4][43] while the
Greater London Authority states the population of the
city-region (covering a large part of the south east) as 22.7 million. London was the
world's most populous city from around 1831 to 1925.
London contains four
World Heritage Sites: the
Tower of London;
Kew Gardens; the site comprising the
Palace of Westminster,
Westminster Abbey, and
St Margaret's Church; and the historic settlement of
Greenwich (in which the
Royal Observatory, Greenwich marks the
Prime Meridian, 0°
longitude, and
GMT). Other famous landmarks include
Buckingham Palace, the
London Eye,
Piccadilly Circus,
St Paul's Cathedral,
Tower Bridge,
Trafalgar Square, and
The Shard. London is home to numerous
museums, galleries, libraries,
sporting events and other cultural institutions, including the
British Museum,
National Gallery,
Tate Modern,
British Library and 40
West End theatres.
The
London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world.